Bigcharts.com and Stockcharts.com Introduction Essay Example For Students

Bigcharts.com and Stockcharts.com: Introduction Essay A major reward for polygamists is it give minutes information to most recent 10 days. This is extremely valuable for antiradar specialized examination. Stockyards. Com gives amazing diagramming, also, it have one of best free outline training courses, It gives progressively broad marker investigation, and increasingly adjustable graph contrast with polygamists. Com, Stockyards additionally have a functioning gathering to talk about specialized breakout. The destinations gear toward specialized investigation. Polygamists. Com diagramming with key examination and market information From route we can see showcase news and information is enormous part officiators. M. For instance, the landing page will show news, for example, Japans Topic up 0. 8%, U. S. Stocks bounces. One decent part of polygamists is When you click on featured stocks referenced in the news, it take you legitimately to the outline for the stock. Model: click on CAT will bring outline for CAT: Chart: Historical informat ion, Industry Analysis, Fundamental Analysis Bigamists give businesses information, showcase news, top failure and gainers. This is fundamentally the same as Yahoo money. Diagramming programming Save Layout In cutting edge outline, you can spare the graph settings. This setting Will be applied to Fundamental outline too. Essential diagramming fundamental graphing news appended at lower segment Of outline Basic graph draw diagram base on one parameter: time span. You can pick one of predefined days, month or years. It will draw the outline you spared or default one. An essential multi day outline for Verizon (setting: candle) Headlines for Verizon are underneath the graph. Propelled Chart Technical Analysis with constrained parameter tuning Advanced diagram give around 31 specialized markers, all nuts and bolts are secured: Moving Average, Envelop, MAC, Momentum, allegorical CARS, ROCK, DIM, Stochastic, Volume and so forth, Beside moving normal period, no other parameter are adjustable. For instance, you can't characterize MAC quick and moderate period. One intriguing component of Bigamists is overlay of winning and Corcoran occasion information on graph. Outline likewise gives diverse presentation styles: Candlestick, LOCH diagram, Bar Charts, Close and so on, Be certain to choose Big as graph size, in any case the outline may be too little to even consider viewing on PC screen. Week by week Verizon information utilizing Candle leave diagram with 5 days and 10 days. Notice the 5/multi day crossing pickup major upturn between Eve-May. The volume affirms upturn energy during this period. Backing and safe lines are physically included. Intuitive Chart diagram with adaptable parameter Interactive permit you to mouse over and see value information under the mouse, in extra a considerable lot of parameters for marker can be set, this can be one of most helpful graph device on the site. The diagram capacity is truly best in class, it permit you to modify numerous parameter factors, with accessibility of antiradar information for a day ago days, it could be one of most important openly accessible apparatuses for outlining, Stockyards. Com ? graphs site for specialized examination Stockyards. Com is intended for specialized investigation. It give abundance of data on the best way to utilize the diagrams, and have dynamic network share their involvement in specialized This can be seen from home screen and route menu. The landing page show famous protections current clients are outlining. Free graphs is free diagramming device, chartrooms give one of best accessible online instructional exercise for outlining procedures. Masses contain significant diagram design saw by individuals. Diagram School While stockyards dont give showcase news or essential information, it compensate for its great library Of outlining training in its chartrooms. The diagram school has all fundamental graphing terms cleared clarified, it has instruction video disclose how to utilize the outline. .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf , .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .postImageUrl , .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf , .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:hover , .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:visited , .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:active { border:0!important; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:active , .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:hover { mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56 e3e5fd5b02ebf .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u90e1af3397df70d3c56e3e5fd5b02ebf:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Fashion and Women?s Movements in the Past Century EssayThis is a priceless wellspring of data for individuals figuring out how to utilize outlines. Market data by Charts, exchanging thoughts Stockyards use diagrams to pass on showcase pattern and exchanging thoughts, The ticker cloud show what individuals are graphing, we can utilize this to help spot what is slanting. Market floor coverings shows advertise rundown utilizing heat maps, Stockyards accompany a lot of pre-designed outlines to assist client with beginning with graphing. Open chartist give many exchanging thoughts, has a ton of diagrams to get client begin thing about exch anging utilizing graph. The graphs are made by plenty of clients, and it is a decent hotspot for outlining strategy. The graph regularly has critiques to assist client with understanding purchase certain examples are significant: remark on JILL day by day: bullish inversion Charting with Stockyards has a few style of outline: characters principle diagram apparatus for stockyards mint figure graph old fashioned outline with X and O evangelists think about execution of a few stocks exhibition outline show graphs for various timeframe in one screen Characters is the diagramming instrument for stockyards. Mother. Contrast with Bigamists. Com, it give increasingly specialized pointers, and need organization explicit occasion information, for example, gaining date overlay. It gives unadulterated specialized 43 marker, and 17 overlays. The greater part of these setting can modified. This spread more territory than polygamists. Com. You can indicate many characteristic when make outline: A model every day graph for 1 year time frame for. RSI, MAC pointer are turned Conclusion Both stockyard and polygamists give magnificent graphing stage. In any case, their center is to some degree unique. The polygamists has minute for late 10 days for nothing, and you can do examination of outline with organization news, for example, procuring date. Also, it give advertise news source to stock under diagramming, the intuitive outline Will give enough device to most graphing needs. Since it is news situated, and give numerous major data, it tends to be exceptionally valuable for any exchanging technique identified with news, for example, gaining exchanging. Stockyards gives great graphing stage, it has more specialized marker than polygamists. Stockyards give astounding stage to pick up outlining procedures, it library of instructive arrangement can assist client with finding a workable pace, and it gathering can assist client with perceiving how to apply graphing to genuine exchanging techniques. The site is intensely designed for specialized merchants. Polygamists and babbles supplements each other well indeed. The two destinations does generally excellent employment on give outlining instruments. In the event that we need more data on the organization, we can utilize polygamists, in the event that we are increasingly intrigued just specialized perspective, we can utilize stockyards. Alongside backchat and stockyards, other site, for example, hurray and Google likewise furnish essential outlining administration with news, in any case, their instrument are not as far reaching as two referenced. Likewise, there are different apparatuses, for example, Ninja Trader, which is free for Nan-live exchanging. Notwithstanding outlining, the product permits you to compose program to test your system against recorded information, which is a significant besides, Each instrument has it own points of interest, would prescribe the two Stockyards and polygamists to my companions as discover them extremely valuable,

New

The acquaintance of the iPad with the market came at the scenery of a fruitful dispatch of the iPhone. The iPhone was scarcely out of the early on stage when the iPad 1 was propelled. The second era iPad has as of late been propelled. Once in a while it is difficult to characterize the phase in item life cycle Macintosh items are.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on New-Product Pricing Strategy: Ipad explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is on the grounds that their entrance is portrayed by colossal achievement and enormous gathering by buyers. Specialists note that it is conceivable to avoid a few phases in the item life cycle (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). I would state that is the thing that occurred with iPad. All qualities encompassing the second era iPad affirm the way that it is at the starting stage, aside from the gigantic shopper use it is as of now getting a charge out of in the market. I would state it is in the development stage. Th e showcasing evaluating systems that Apple Inc should utilize are not satisfactory. The market infiltration estimating technique, as indicated by me is certifiably not a decent alternative. This is on the grounds that the market gathering is now very positive. Along these lines, riding on this elation that has been created by all the discussion about the iPad, the organization will recover its speculation very quick. The second era iPad was propelled in 25 different nations (aside from USA where it was initially propelled) simply a month ago (Apple Inc., 2011). Beginning signs demonstrated that those business sectors were trusting that the item will show up. This implies regardless of the value, shoppers will concentrate on the worth expansion of iPad 1 (Satariano, 2011). The other explanation the organization ought not receive the market entrance estimating technique is that opposition is nearly nil. The most impressive contender Motorola xoom is still in rivalry with iPad 1. The C EO of Apple Inc Steve Jobs noted during the dispatch that contenders are battling to find the original iPad while the subsequent age is as of now propelled. This underscores the fluctuation that is there in piece of the overall industry with the nearest contender (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011).Advertising Looking for evaluation on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second era iPad is an improvement to the iPad 1. This is terms of camera quality, provocativeness, Wi Fi abilities and strength capacities (Topolsky, 2011). These highlights are likewise way serious contrasted with Motorola xoom. This implies lion's share of customers will see xoom as only an impersonation of the iPad. They will go unique (Johnston, 2011). Another explanation is the way that apple has had other effective dispatches previously. The iPhone which entered the market in mid 2007 got such a great amount of gathering in the marke t. There was very rivalry for quite a while. Relying upon that achievement, the organization ought to just present the item in the market at a significant expense. The objective market can likewise be a determiner in general valuing. For this situation it is apparent that iPad isn't intended for lower end showcase. It is for the very good quality market. This implies its cost ought to be high. The organization ought to tune in to the buyers for upgrades and worth expansion recommendations (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). It is obvious that my proposition is that Apple should utilize advertise skimming valuing to present iPad. In light of the positive past quality and achievements of its items, it will effortlessly recover its expenses and make benefits. A while later it should move to advertise infiltration evaluating systems. This is the thing that the organization did when propelling the iPhone in 2007. Center, in the short run, ought to be mindfulness and worth expansion (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). Reference List Apple Inc. (2011). Ipad 2 Arrives In 25 More Countries This Friday. Web. Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing: An Introduction. New York, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Johnston, C. (2011). Ipad 2: Faster, Thinner, Lighter; Same Battery, Display Resolution. ARS. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on New-Product Pricing Strategy: Ipad explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Satariano, A. (2011). Apple Poised To Sell 600,000 Ipad 2s in Its Debut, Outpacing First Model. Bloomberg. Web. Topolsky, J. (2011). Ipad 2 Review. AOL Tech.â Web. This evaluation on New-Product Pricing Strategy: Ipad was composed and presented by client Chr0n0mancer to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Summers Family Parenting

Summers Family Parenting X-Men fans know the truth: the Summers family are terrible parents. They mean well, the Summers clan, they really do. But their efforts to remedy the sins of their own parents makes each generation into grossly overcompensating weirdos. Cable takes great care of Hope, raising her against all odds â€" by keeping her in a post-apocalyptic nightmare future on purpose, when he could do otherwise, and training her to be a killer-slash-savior of her people. Cable was of course raised in a post-apocalyptic nightmare future on purpose by his kinda-sister Rachel and his nearly-birth-parents, Scott and Jean, who hid their identities from the world and lived on the run. Rachel was raised by Kitty Pryde and Magneto in a concentration camp after the deaths of her parents, Scott and Jean. (Okay, we’ll give that one a pass. “Murdered by Sentinels” is an okay excuse for poor parenting.) Scott was raised by abusive thieves and kidnappers after Scott and his brother Alex were thrown out of a burning plane by their mother. Which, arguably, was a situation force d on her by events beyond her control. But their father, Christopher, lived, and never came back to help his boys out. Into the post-apocalyptic nightmare future we go! Like I said, they mean well, they really do. And some of the damage is post-apocalyptic-nightmare-future-related. But when presented with the chance to be decent parents, well, the Summers family are just not that great with hugs, forgiveness, respect, or support. They are more about raising the future leader of tomorrow to be the savior of mutant-kind than they are about love. Greg Rucka has changed that in the first arc of the ongoing series, Cyclops. Into space! Where my dad has his back to me For complicated reasons, Scott Summers exists in the Marvel U as a sixteen-year-old boy. (Time travel, everybody!) And he’s not impressed with the future-self (current-self, canonical-self, whatever. Time travel!) he has met. Given the chance to get away from the confusing world of canon X-Men, Scott takes it. He runs away to be a space pirate with his dad, Corsair. There’s a lot to love in Cyclops. The art by Russell Dauterman is great. Chris Sotomayor’s colors are vibrant and lush. But I wanted to talk a bit about Rucka’s characterization of Corsair, and parenting. Corsair is not what I would consider to be a really good man. I’m going to digress briefly, so bear with me. There’s a “This I Believe” essay by Deidre Sullivan called Always Go to the Funeral.  In it, Sullivan says, “In my humdrum life, the daily battle hasn’t been good versus evil. It’s hardly so epic. Most days, my real battle is doing good versus doing nothing.” This quotation sticks with me. It matters to me. It is true of my life â€" I don’t have many confrontations with evil. But I have a hella lot of confrontation with apathy. It is part of my definition of goodness in the world that good people are the ones who choose to do good when doing nothing is safer, easier, and more appealing. Corsair, to get back to comics, has plenty of opportunities to fight evil. He’s a rapscallion of a space pirate, but ultimately he’s against Mad Emperor D’Ken and all the insane villains of the cosmic Marvel U. When the choice is between good and evil, Corsair has a side and it’s the right one. But when the choice is doing the easy nothing or the hard good, well, that’s where he has fallen down on the job. Corsair dodges the harder points of being an adult. He stays a space pirate because working within systems to change them is harder than going it alone. It’s easier to shoot bounty hunters than it is to go legit. He never went back to see his kids because, well, it was easier to do nothing. Corsair is fun, he’s heroic in a Han Solo way, and he’s definitely not a villain. But I, personally, never thought he was a decent human being. In Cyclops, Rucka is having Corsair confront that truth. It’s not an easy thing to face. And what I love about this series so far is that Rucka knows there is no easy answer. Corsair and teen-Scott don’t have one hard conversation and then, poof, everything is fine. Nope. Nopeity nope nope. The hurt and betrayal of parental abandonment doesn’t go away that fast, even if both parties really wish it would. With all the good intention and will in the multiverse, forgiveness still doesn’t come before reparations. Corsair did wrong. He’s sorry. He’s working to make things right again. It sucks, and it hurts, but there’s no forgiveness until the work is done. If there is forgiveness at all. It’s not clear yet whether Scott will manage to forgive his father. Some wrongs just can’t be made right. This, my friends, is parenting in a nutshell. We parents do what we can using the best tools we have at the time. We screw up now and then. Sometimes we screw up big. When we try to make amends, we may or may not receive forgiveness. And, whatever happens, the hurt we caused doesn’t magically vanish. Our kids might get over it or they might not â€" it’s not in our control. This tension, this truth about parent-child relationships, is in every issue of Cyclops so far. I love it. I wince when I read it, but I love it. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

Question 3. The First Amendment States That “Congress Shall

Question 3 The First amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall pass no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech (U.S. Const. amend. I). The 14th amendment incorporates the free exercise of religious rights to the state, â€Å"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (U.S. Const. ament. XVI). States may provide more protection than is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, but they may not provide less. Under the Free†¦show more content†¦Government could exist only in name under such circumstances.† (Reynolds, 98 U.S. 145,167). The Reynolds court also placed a grave emphasis on a quote Thomas Jefferson wrote, â€Å"[b]elieving with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God; †¦the legislative powers of the government reach actions only, and not opinions† (1671). The enforced the criminal prosecution against Reynolds because they believed they could regulate action even if they could not interfere with belief or opinion. During the 1970s the court reviewed the constitutionality of compelled exemptions for religiously motivated conduct (1673). In Wisconsin v. Yoder the Court held that there was an important state interest in universal education but the law to compel students to go to school infringed on the free exercised rights. Chief Justice Burger, â€Å"lauded the virtues of the Amish and their social practices. In Employment Division v. Smith, the Court held that the use of peyote for religious purposes does not protect the persons from a denial of unemployment benefits. Justice Scalia stated, â€Å"We have never held that an individual’s religious beliefs excuse him from compliance with an otherwise valid law prohibiting conduct that the State is free to regulate† (1676). In Obergefell v. Hodges, two men, Arthur and John, travelled from Ohio to Maryland, where same-sex marriage was legal, to get married before Arthur who was sick died. Arthur died shortly after andShow MoreRelatedU.s. Government And Politics Summer Project 2015 / 20161318 Words   |  6 PagesSummer Project 2015/2016 Mr. McGrath Due Date: First day of school, you may turn it in early at the front desk. 10 points will be deducted for each class period it is late. The first week of school I will see you anywhere from 3-5 days. Based on reading the Constitution (1787) and the Articles of Confederation (1781) answer the following questions. Base those answers directly from the documents as there will be a test on this material with in the first two weeks of school. Any plagiarism will receiveRead MoreThe Constitution Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pages THE CONSTITUTION We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. IDEALS: Justice, tranquility , liberty, and posterity Notes : Gen. statement about what the con. will entail Setting stage for American identity Read MoreBill of Rights1449 Words   |  6 PagesBill Of Rights Assignment Week 3 Constitution HIS/301 Instructor James Newman Alan L. Olsen February 11th 2012 University of Phoenix Introduction According to Article V of the United States Constitution, when two thirds vote of Congress or State Legislature’s an amendment can be passed. Amendments are ratified by providing 3/4 of the votes in the Federal or State Legislature’s. When the ConstitutionRead MoreConstitutional Amendment Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesTo amend the constitution, various steps and procedures must be taken. When either Congress (which takes a two-thirds majority vote in both the Senate and the House of Representatives), or a constitutional convention (which takes two-thirds of the State legislatures) want to propose an amendment, they give it to the National Archives and Records Administration. The Congress proposes the amendment as a joint resolution to the National Archives and Records Administrations Office of the Federal RegisterRead MoreThe Purpose of Vice Presidency Essay examples902 Words   |  4 Pagesof the vice president is far more complex than that. In this paper, I will discuss the position of the vice presidency and the role of the 25th amendment. The Framers devoted little attention to the vice president’s duties when designing this role. They provided that â€Å"he shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be evenly divided† (U.S. Senate). I feel that when the Framers sat down to debate the powers of the presidency, they wereRead MoreInterpreting the Constitution956 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Answer Key Interpreting the Constitution Use the following question as a basis for writing a clear essay outline on the constitutional issues that divided the nation in the years leading up to the Civil War. Use both our knowledge of the time period and the information on pages 2 and 3 this document to help you organize your outline. You may use the secondary and primary sources below to help you answer the question. (50 points) 1. What were the major issues that drove the nationRead MoreUs History1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe College Board Advanced Placement Examination 1987 UNITED STATES HISTORY Section II - Part A (Suggested writing time - 45 minutes) Percent of Section II score - 45 Directions: The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A-1 and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question. In your essay, you should strive to support your assertions both by citing key pieces of evidence from the documents and by drawing onRead MoreBusiness Law1268 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 3 Separation of Powers- giving distinct powers to Congress, the president, and the federal courts. Federal supremacy- cause federal statues to preempt inconsistent state law. Federal law is supreme to state law. Federalism- structures power relations between the federal government and the states. Judicial review-Courts declare the actions of other government bodies unconstitutional. Police power-broad state power to regulate for the public health, safety, morals, and welfareRead MoreThe Supremacy Clause Is The Clause That Establishes The Federal Government s Authority Over State Governments1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal government’s authority over state governments. The Supremacy Clause is found in the U.S. Constitution in Clause Two of Article Six. This Clause upholds the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. Federal law’s supremacy applies only if Congress is acting in fulfilment of its constitutionally authorized powers. The Clause directly states, â€Å"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and allRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary The Film 1003 Words   |  5 Pagesof the documentary.† (writing prompt) The dispute over this case is whether or not the director’s First-Amendment rights to release and complete the do cumentary have been infringed upon. Upon the basis that prior restraint is presumptively invalid by the government; the restraining order against the film director is unfounded and infringes upon the director’s rights protected under the First Amendment. The most applicable law to apply in this situation is equity law. Unlike other laws, judges, not

Teenagers and Suicide Essay - 1190 Words

The third leading cause of death amongst teenagers: Suicide Did you know that suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States? (4). In 1992, more teenagers and young adults died from suicide than those who died from stroke, cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, pneumonia, influenza and chronic lung disease combined (4). Suicide is definitely a compelling problem amongst youth in the U.S today. It is estimated that 300 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles County; which is equivalent to one teenager lost every day (1). Many concerned people ask, What is going on? and Why is this happening? Among many things, some suicidal youths experience family trouble, which†¦show more content†¦Being a young person in todays world is no easy task, they have to deal with increasingly difficult decisions and pressures every day. Tragically, young people feel they are not able to cope, that there is no one who either cares enough or is able to help them cope with their worries. They become desperate enough to take their own lives. Some teens, who have committed suicide because of depression, come from homes with family problems. Families who use guilt as a means of controlling behavior, make talking honestly and directly, difficult for the teen. (2). Too often parents and other adults criticize the child rather than the behavior. Apparent loss of love contributes to the risk of suicide. This was true in the suicide case of Katja Lewis, who committed suicide at the young age of 19. Katja was a young woman, searching for the answers, always unsure of herself, looking for love but never seeming to find it . Katja, decided life was no more worth living, on Tuesday, September 30th 1997; when she took an overdose of anti-depressants and left this world sometime around 3 a.m. She never saw the sun rise again, and she never will. (3). Divorce, the formation of a new family with step-parents and step-siblings, or a move to a new community can be stressful and can build up self-doubts. In some cases, suicide appears to be a solution. Seventeen-year-old Charles BurnesShow MoreRelatedSuicide Among Teenagers1095 Words   |  5 Pages Suicide is the third-leading cause of death among 15 to 24-year-old (Green, Paragraph 1) Teenage suicide is the intentional act made by teenagers usually below the age of 19 to take their lives. Suicide is not thought of in a day. It is a series of processes that goes on in the mind before manifesting. Although, during these processes there are visible signs that shows a prospective suicidal person. There are factors that trigger and cause the act of suicide in a teenager. Most of these factorsRead MoreSuicide among Teenagers999 Words   |  4 PagesAs a teenager I have said many times before that I hate my life. I know many people who express hatred for the life that they live. Most of those kids only say it because the one time they didn’t get something they wanted came around. But little do people think before they talk, many people actually do hate their lives and try to end their lives every day. Once every minute someone tries to commit suicide. 60-70 times a day these attempts succeed. I became interested in the social problem of suicideRead MoreA teenager ´s Suicide773 Words   |  3 Pagesyou weren’t waking up and I think your sister knew that. Your Father came running up the stairs. He too got to your doorway and just stared at you. He began to cry, he never cries. Trying to contain his voice dialing *000* â€Å"My daughter committed suicide.† he managed to say and hung up the phone. The police arrived protecting your body and handling it in a respectful way. They were there for hours questioning. ------------------------------------------------- Two months after -------------------------------------------------Read MoreSuicide Among Teenagers : How Do Social Factors Worsen A Suicide?2068 Words   |  9 PagesSuicide among Teenagers How do social factors worsen a teenager’s depression leading to his suicide? Suicide is a prevalent problem that occurs throughout the world especially in adolescents. In Judith Guest’s novel Ordinary People, she discusses the issues that a teenager encounters after the death of a loved one as well as his constant struggles dealing with his parents. Outside sources give insight what adolescents face within the family, with friends, and the emotional disruption it can causeRead MoreDoes Antidepressants Use in Teenagers Increase Suicide Rates?1039 Words   |  5 Pageslook at the risks of suicides increased as a result of taking antidepressants and the measures taken to reduce this problem. Can antidepressants use in Teenagers increase suicide rates/thoughts? In the past few recent years, there has been a developing concern about the use of antidepressants in teenagers (13-20 years of age) as there has been increase in teen depression in the world. It is now a big question among the psychiatrists if it is really beneficial for teenagers. In most cases parentsRead MoreTeenagers Are More Likely To Commit Suicide Than Adults1294 Words   |  6 PagesTeenagers are more likely to commit suicide than adults . â€Å"Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15- to 19-year-olds. In any given year, about 20% of all high school students think of committing suicide; almost 10% try† (Cropper 112). This shocking statistic shows the high risk of suicide among teens, but what some might not know is that the most common form of treatment used to help teens suffering with depression is one that might also increase the risk of suicide and/or harmful actionsRead MoreHigh Suicide Rate Among Native American Teenagers Essay690 Words   |  3 Pa gesIn most American families parents are overjoyed as a result of the happiness and success of their teenage children. Across America teenager are enjoying their â€Å"rite of passage†, such as friends, after school activities, sports, vacations with their families and their first car. At the same time, little is known of the extreme poverty and despondency existing within the reservations of the Native American communities. Many Native American families are still struggling with the pain and anguish theirRead MoreBullying: Teenagers are more Likely to Commit Suicide than Kids623 Words   |  3 Pageschance to stop all the lies and secrets and bullying, would you take it. Many teenagers die every year because of suicides. For every death, there is always a reason why. Why would innocent teenagers just suddenly decide to kill themselves? The reason is this: they deal with so many issues at home, that it just got too far and they couldn’t handle it anymore. Family is sues is one of the big reasons why teens commit suicide. Many students can’t handle being bullied.There are tons of reports of studentsRead MoreHomophobia Is The Leading Cause Of Suicide And Depression Among Teenagers And Young Adults1846 Words   |  8 Pagesaffects students and even teachers. Homophobia in schools is the leading cause of suicide and depression among teenagers and young adults. I believe that this is a crucial situation and needs to be addressed both at home and in school. School officials must be permitted and comfortable with addressing issues of homosexuality and homophobia that students may have. This is crucial in not only enabling a LGBT teenager to get an education that is in a non-hostile environment, but also in enabling theRead MoreThe Suicide Of A Person Who Kills Him1572 Words   |  7 PagesTo commit suicide is when a person who kills him/herself. In the year of 2014, 1,668 teenagers commit suicide in United State. Each year the number of sui cides gets higher. Teenager who suicides were being impulsive, impulsiveness is when the person acts without thinking through a plan or its consequences. The most common age that who commit suicide is the age of thirteen through eighteen. At the age of thirteen

Customer Insight Free Essays

CDWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Delivering a Professional Service Delivers a professional service that contributes to organisational effectiveness by: Delivering a Customer Focused Service Develops and delivers customer-led services by: Analysing, Improving and Changing Analyses and uses evidence to inform improvement and deliver change by: Managing People and Performance Manages people and resources, and applies project and programme management techniques, to achieve high performance and value for money by: Building Capability Leading Builds capability to meet current and future business needs through continuous learning and by communicating in ways that support productive working relationships by: Developing Knowledge and Skills Develops knowledge and skills to meet current and future business needs. Leads by example to deliver business results by: Knowing the Business Understands the organisation and its customers and how customer insight can contribute to improved services for customers. Responding to Customer Needs Seeks to understand customer requirements and deliver services that are responsive to diverse customer needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Insight or any similar topic only for you Order Now Providing Excellent Customer Service Meets customer needs through excellent customer service. Analysing and using Evidence Uses information to understand performance and make decisions. Deploying People and Resources Effectively Uses resources flexibly and creatively in ways that promote diversity and support the principles of sustainable development. Delivering Results Manages performance to deliver business objectives and meet performance standards. Managing Finance Monitors and manages finances to ensure value for money. Demonstrating Integrity Demonstrates integrity at all times. Demonstrating Customer Insight Expertise Understands customer insight tools and techniques and uses them to generate insights which lead to an improved service and experience for DWP customers. Improving Performance Continuously Seeks and implements ways of improving performance. Working Collaboratively Works collaboratively in ways that value diversity and add to efficiency. Providing Direction Provides and communicates clear direction to achieve DWP strategic objectives. Building Customer Insight Capability Establishes effective stakeholder relationships and contributes to an increasing capability across the organisation for insight generation and application. Engaging with Change Implements change in support of DWP strategic objectives. Communicating with Impact Communicates in ways that promote understanding and maintain confidentiality. DWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Delivering a Professional Service Knowing the Business Understands the organisation and its customers and contributes to its success by: †¢ Performing in a way that demonstrates understanding of their role within customer insight; †¢ Working in ways that supports the aims, visions and values of the organisation in being an exemplar of customer service; †¢ Understand what’s most important to DWP customers and the role customer insight plays in developing the customers’ service experience; †¢ Working in ways that support learning from customer feedback; †¢ Working in ways that meet the requirements of the DWP Customer Charter. LEVEL Analysing, Improving and Changing Analysing and Using Evidence Delivering a Customer Focused Service Responding to Customer Needs Investigates, understands and responds to the needs of customers – internal and external – by: †¢ Using appropriate questioning techniques; †¢ Building and maintaining excellent relationships with customers; †¢ Responding to customer feedback; †¢ Treating all customers fairly and with regard to diverse needs. Uses information to assess progress and make decisions by: †¢ Identifying and interpreting relevant sources of information; †¢ Organising information in a way that helps analysis; †¢ Extracting and presenting information appropriately. 1 Demonstrating Customer Insight Expertise Demonstrates expertise by: †¢ Maintains awareness of relevant customer insight tools and techniques; †¢ Giving colleagues and customers a positive impression of themselves and the organisation; †¢ Using information to inform customer insight decisions and making improvements within their area of ork; †¢ Providing soundly based advice to inform actions in response to customer issues, such as complaint handling/ redress. Providing Excellent Customer Service Delivers excellent customer service by: †¢ Using skills and resources to deliver the best possible service; †¢ Dealing with customer requests, queries and problems; †¢ Meeting customer service standards and re quirements. Improving Performance Continuously Looks for better ways of working to improve performance of self and team by: †¢ Reviewing own performance to identify areas for improvement; †¢ Considering a range of approaches when determining how to do things better. Building Customer Insight Capability Builds trust with stakeholders by: †¢ Maintaining a working knowledge of relevant customer insight activity being conducted; †¢ Maintaining a working knowledge of complaints handling/redress policy; †¢ Taking pride in their work, the service they offer and the benefits for the customer; †¢ Demonstrating a proven track record for customer service, delivery and capability. Engaging with Change Helps make changes work by: †¢ Seeking clarification if unsure about reasons for change; †¢ Supporting the implementation of change by making constructive suggestions; †¢ Helping others during times of change and respecting their rights to different views and ideas. DWP Competency Framework for the Customer Insight Profession Managing People and Performance Delivering Results Knows what is required in their day to day work and takes responsibility for working to a consistently high standard by: †¢ Agreeing role requirements with those they report to and work with; †¢ Planning and managing day-to-day workload to meet agreed targets and deadlines; †¢ Consistently applying policies and procedures that are relevant to the role; †¢ Recognising and reporting risks to the successful completion of work; †¢ Making best use of the available technology and ensuring security of personal and other official information. LEVEL Leading Demonstrating Integrity Building Capability Developing Knowledge and Skills Develops the knowledge and skills needed to meet the requirements of the job and the objectives of the team by: †¢ Understanding their own strengths and development needs, taking into account feedback from others; †¢ Seeking new and better learning and development opportunities, including those available as part of their daily work activity; †¢ Applying and sharing skills and knowledge learned; †¢ Giving constructive feedback to colleagues. Displays integrity and honesty by: †¢ Keeping promises and fulfilling commitments; †¢ Being able to admit when they have made a mistake; †¢ Building relationships which balance achieving the task with an appreciation of others’ needs. Deploying People and Resources Effectively Makes best use of own time and other resources by: †¢ Monitoring how their time is used and proposing more efficient ways of working; â₠¬ ¢ Reducing wastage and encouraging others to do the same; †¢ Considering the environmental impact of their actions. Working Collaboratively Adopts a business-like approach to working relationships that respects diversity and contributes to effective team working by: †¢ Listening and responding positively to people with differing views and opinions; †¢ Providing honest and constructive feedback and challenging negative behaviours; †¢ Working with others to achieve team objectives; †¢ Responding appropriately to diverse needs of others. Managing Finance Helps to achieve value for money by: †¢ Applying relevant financial and procurement procedures; †¢ Considering value for money of all their actions; †¢ Raising relevant queries on financial reporting. Communicating with Impact Communicates clearly taking account of individual need by: †¢ Adapting communication style to the needs of the audience; †¢ Presenting own views clearly and building on the views of others; †¢ Safeguarding personal and other sensitive, official information. How to cite Customer Insight, Papers

Soil Analysis Essay Example

Soil Analysis Essay Soil forms the basis of the world we live in. It is the top layer of the Earths surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter. There are many varieties of soil around the world from Clay to Sand and from Rainforest to Mud. Different types of soil have their own individual characteristics that in turn affect the suitability of growth. This is due to different nutrient levels, water holding capability, pH etc. Many species of plants have adapted to better suit their soil environment. These adaptations have allowed certain plant species to thrive in an area in which other plants would never survive. Mangroves are highly admired for the way they have adapted to live in a saline environment. Flora naturally need freshwater to survive just as we do. Then how can mangroves survive growing in salt water? Mangroves have adapted to filter out the salt when it is absorbed along with the nutrient filled water. This salt is excreted through roots, leaves and bark. What is left is freshwater that can be used by the mangrove. This may seem like a big deal when you could just grow in fresh water however this adaptation allows mangroves to have less competition from other flora. We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The following experiments are to observe the individual characteristics of 3 different Zones of Mangrove Mud and also Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil. The purpose of these experiments is to carry out various experiments and thus observe the different characteristics of soils. These characteristics can be compared to see how differences in soil might determine the type of vegetation that grows there. Safety Precautions: Make sure gloves are worn at all times as there are some harmful bacteria and diseases in dirt. Experiment 1 Soil Texture: Aim: To find the percentage of sand, clay and silt in different soil samples. Prediction: I predict that the soil with the highest percentage of sand will be the Trinity Beach sample. The soil with the highest percentage of clay will be the Clay sample. The soil with the highest percentage of silt will be the Outer Zone Mangrove Sample. Materials: * 6 x 200mL measuring cylinders * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * Ruler with mm measurements * Disposable Gloves * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * Spoons * Sieve Diagram: (For Step 4 and 5) Procedure: 1. Sift all of the samples to remove insoluble lumps of dirt, plant debris etc. 2. Measure 40mL of the first dried sample (for example Inner Zone Mud) into a measuring cylinder and label it accordingly. 3. Fill the cylinder with 200mL of water and shake until all the dirt particles are mixed throughout the water. 4. Put the cylinder down on a level bench and measure the depth of the sediment after the following time intervals: 30 seconds, 30 minutes, and 12 hours. 5. Repeat for each dirt sample. Record results on the table. Results: Mangrove Mud: Inner Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Outer Zone Mud Stoney Creek Rainforest Trinity Beach Soil Clay Soil 30s depth (sand) 30 min depth 12 hour depth (total depth) 17 mm 30 mm 41 mm 11 mm 20 mm 37 mm 5 mm 34 mm 51 mm Minimal 29 mm 38 mm 28 mm 32 mm 33 mm 12 mm 25 mm 54 mm Sand layer (30s depth) Silt layer (30 min 30s depth) Clay layer (12h 30min depth) 17 mm 13 mm 11 mm 11 mm 9 mm 17 mm 5 mm 29 mm 17 mm Minimal à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 29 mm 9 mm 28 mm 4 mm 1 mm 12 mm 13 mm 29 mm % Sand = Sand depth Total depth 41.46 % 29.73 % 9.80 % Minimal 84.85 % 22.22 % % Silt = Silt depth Total depth 31.71 % 24.32 % 56.86 % à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.32 % 12.12 % 24.07 % % Clay = Clay depth Total depth 26.83 % 45.95 % 33.34 % 23.68 % 3.03 % 53.70 % Discussion: There are many different kinds of soil and they all have there own individual characteristics that affect the flora growth in that type of soil. These characteristics are things like: * The capacity of soil to hold minerals and water * The movement (capillary action) of water into soil * The drainage ability of water through the soil These are just a few of the characteristics affected by the amounts of clay, sand and silt present in the soil. These three sediment types were determined through the experiment above. It was determined that the soil sample with the highest percentage of sand was Trinity Beach with 84.95% of the sample being made up of sand. This is obviously no surprise but note how it is still made up of other types of sediment. On average sand is made of silica which is a mineral similar to quartz and opal. This is a hard substance that resists erosion. This insoluble mineral does not offer the best conditions for flora growth as nutrient and water trapping in the soil is difficult. The sand in the Trinity Beach area upholds the characteristics outlined for silica however due to the results above it is evident that the soil also contains 12.12% of silt and 3.03% of clay. These other sediments may help to trap the necessary nutrients for plant growth in the soil. The flora that grows on the beach is hardy (casuarinas and Spinifex). This is due to the limited amount of water and nutrients available. The highest percentage of Silt in the soil samples was Stoney Creek rainforest (76.32%). Rainforest is a nutrient high area where flora growth is prominent. This nutrient level is due to the way silt (and also clay) traps the nutrient rich water needed for the extensive growth. Silt is made up of finely eroded rock (this rock is largely made up of quartz and feldspar). This sedimentary silt is washed down with the rain and is trapped amongst the roots of trees. In relation to the mangroves, this silt is washed downstream in the annual floods and trapped in the particular roots (stilt, prop etc). This root network holds the nutrient laden silt to be used when needed. Without these roots (if the mangroves are cut down) the silt will wash through along with the nutrients. This silt collects at river mouths, causing shallower water and in the case of the nearby Great Barrier Reef in the Cairns area silt deposits that destroys the original habitat. Obviously the clay soil sample contained the highest percentage of clay (53.70%). Clay, when wet, is a flexible substance that can be moulded at will. When dry it becomes rock like and perfect for holding soil together. This characteristic is highly beneficial to the environment in the way it helps to prevent erosion. Clay is not necessarily highly nutrient filled sediment but, like clay, it is finer grained and holds a lot of water. Soil with high clay percentages is not a preferable flora environment because it is not well draining. Some plants still live in clay soil and many Australian plants have adapted to this especially wattles. Mangrove Mud contains its fair share of clay (ranging from 36% to 46%). This clay is responsible for the sticky characteristic of mud when it is wet. Clay helps to hold the mud together to avoid it being washed into the river or wetland. Clay is not well draining and could be responsible for the way mangrove mud appears to be wet even when the tide ha s long since gone out. It was often difficult to take readings of the amount of soil that had settled at different time periods. In the case of the mud samples they are rich in silt and clay and this clouded the water. It was difficult to determine what was actually settled from what was still suspended in the water above. A reading was taken and this was compared to readings taken when the water had cleared and all particles had settled. At this stage it was quite easy to see the different sediments that had settled. This difficulty in recording the levels could give reason for an amount of percentage error. Conclusion: The different sedimentary percentages analysed in this experiment are responsible for the individual flora species that grow in some areas but not in others. This variation in plant types is important to provide different habitats and food sources for Australian wildlife and marine species. Experiment 2 Soil Permeability: Aim: To observe the rate at which 50mL of water passes through different samples of saturated soil and mud. Prediction: I predict that it will take the longest amount of time for 50mL of water to pass through the Outer Zone Mud. I predict that it will take the shortest amount of time for 50mL of water to pass through the Trinity Beach Soil Sample. Materials: * 6 x 100mL measuring cylinders * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * 1 x 100mL beaker * Disposable Gloves * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * Filter Wool * 6 x 75mm filter funnels * 6 x Timers Diagram: (For Steps 8 and 9) Procedure: 1. Loosely plug the necks of all the filter funnels with filter wool and place a 100mL measuring cylinder beneath each of them. 2. Take up the first funnel. Fill the funnel about one third with the first sample of dry dirt. 3. Repeat this for each individual funnel and dirt sample. 4. Place each funnel in a 100mL measuring cylinder. 5. Pour approximately 50mL of water in each funnel. 6. Allow the water to filter through the dirt until it stops dripping. This is the point at which the dirt is fully saturated. 7. When this point is reached empty the cylinders and replace back under the saturated soil funnels. 8. Pair each funnel and measuring cylinder set up with a Timer. Add 50mL of water to each funnel and start their timers as you do so. 9. Time how long it takes for the 50mL to pass through each sample that is until the drip rate is less than one drip per minute. 10. Do NOT discard the saturated soil sample as it will be used in Experiment 3. Results: Sample Type Time It Takes For 50mL To Pass Through Saturated Sample Inner Zone 13.56 minutes Middle Zone 17.32 minutes Outer Zone 23.14 minutes Clay Soil No Dripping At All Trinity Beach Soil (Sand) 17.32 minutes Rainforest Soil 7.54 minutes Discussion: Soil naturally traps water and this can be determined by testing it for Soil Permeability. It took the longest for the 50mL of water to drip through the clay because it didnt drip at all. Clay is a highly water absorbing substance and when wet the particles cling together creating a thick goop. This thick clay settled in the bottom of the funnel. There were no more gaps to allow water to flow through so it accumulated in the funnel. In the environment clay soil also absorbs this water and when it reaches a certain point of water absorbency it can no longer absorb any more water. This non-absorbed water runs off the clay soil and floods nearby rivers and creeks. This not only becomes damaging floodwater but it limits the clay to how much nutrients they can absorb through the water. The drainage of soil is also important. Soil that either drains to fast or drains to slow can affect the floras growth. The clay could not drain and this would lead to root rot and lack of oxygen available to the plants roots. Mangrove mud can absorb a lot of water and therefore trap a lot of nutrients. However they also contain a lot of clay (26% to 46%) and this along with the increase in water due to tidal activity makes it difficult for mangroves to absorb oxygen through underground root systems. This is the reason that mangroves have evolved to have roots like stilt roots, aerial roots and knee roots. The rainforest soil drained the fastest of all the soil samples. Rainforest soil is full of flora debris that creates well draining holes in the soil. The soil is also well aerated which allows gaps for the water to run through. This is not a problem for the flora as it is well known that a lot of rain falls in rainforest areas. Conclusion: It is necessary to have a good balance of absorbency and drainage to make conditions for flora growth as good as possible. Mangroves live in a less suited environment and this has been the reason for the evolution of above ground roots to breath and help with stability. Experiment 3 Field Capacity: Aim: To measure the water-holding ability of a soil. This is to get an idea of the maximum amount of soil moisture available to plants, since the water which drains off due to gravity is in the root zone too briefly to be absorbed. Prediction: I predict that the Rainforest Soil will have the best water-holding ability however the Inner Zone Mud will hold the least amount of water.. Equipment: * The 6 Saturated Soil samples left over from the last experiment * 6 x 100mL beakers * 6 x plastic spoons or spatulas * Balance accurate to 0.01g * Permanent marker * Drying oven set at no more than 105à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Procedure: 1. Label each evaporating dish so that later when the saturated soil sample is added it is not confused with the other ones. 2. Weigh each evaporating and record its weight under its appropriate name on the results table. 3. Transfer each soil sample to its appropriately labeled evaporating dish (do not include the filter wool used in the last experiment). 4. Weigh each evaporating dish along with its soil sample. Subtract the weight of the evaporating dish from this weight to find the weight of the Soil + Water. 5. Place the dishes in a drying oven at 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and allow the dish to dry for 24 hours. 6. Allow the evaporating dishes to cool then weigh them. Subtract the weight of the dish from this weight to find the weight of dry soil. 7. Subtract the weight of dry soil away from the weight of the original soil + water to find the weight of water lost. Results: Trinity Beach Stoney Creek Rainforest Clay Outer Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Inner Zone Mud 1. Mass of Evaporating Dish 49.62 41.62 48.09 43.51 48.22 45.31 2. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Saturated Soil 97.71 78.78 90.31 83.88 82.00 85.29 3. Mass of Saturated Soil (2 1) 48.09 37.16 42.22 40.37 33.78 39.98 4. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Dry Soil (Final Mass) 87.22 63.07 79.09 68.25 70.81 70.87 5. Mass of Dry Soil (4 1) 37.60 21.45 31.00 24.74 22.59 25.56 6. Mass of Water in Soil (3 5) 10.49 15.71 11.22 15.63 11.19 14.42 7. Percent of Water in Soil Mass Of Water (6) Mass Of Saturated Soil (3) 21.81 % 42.28 % 26.58 % 38.72 % 33.13 % 36.07 % Discussion: Field capacity is a measurement of the water-holding ability of individual soils. Soil can only hold so much water and then the rest becomes drain off. This in turn is the maximum amount of water available to the flora growing in that soil. The Stoney Creek Rainforest soil sample contained the most amount of water held in the sample (42.28%). This high percentage means that this particular soil sample holds the most amount of nutrient rich water for flora use. This is highly beneficial for the use of the plant at that time and also for storage of water and nutrients for later. The increased holding ability of the soil means that less water is wasted. The soil with the least holding ability is the Trinity Beach sand (21.81%). The Trinity Beach sand sample is obviously from the beach and this is by a tidal mass of water. These tidal tendencies soak the soil say once a day. The tide is always going to be there so the soil does not need to store as much water. Also it is not capable of storing a lot of water because of its grainy structure instead of finer particles (silt and clay) that can absorb water (Experiment 1). Mangroves need to absorb a lot of water to obtain as much nutrients as possible. Mangrove mud is able to hold a lot of water (33% to 39%) however this water is predominantly saline. The mangroves have evolved to use this nutrient rich water by filtering out the salt. This leaves the plant with fresh water filled with the nutrients. Conclusion: It is necessary for some soils to absorb a lot of water but it is also important to have a certain level of drainage ability. If the soil absorbed ALL of the water then root rot would occur. Also if all of this water was absorbed then the ground beneath our feet would become a sloppy mess unsuitable for walking on. Experiment 4 Capillary Action Of Soil: Aim: To observe the rate at which water is absorbed into different soil samples using a Capillary Action setup (see Diagram). Water is absorbed by soil as the soil contains small spaces where water can be held. Prediction: I predict that the Stoney Creek rainforest will absorb the most amount of water over the designated days and the Inner Mud Zone will absorb the least. Materials; * 2 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner ; Middle Zones) * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * 5 x 50cm Clear Plastic Tube, approximately 2cm in diameter. * 5 x Clamps and Stands * 5 x bottom half of Petri Dishes * Permanent marker * Filter Wool * Beaker to top up Petri Dishes * Ruler marked with millimeters Note: The Outer Zone mud sample was too hard to insert and pack into a tube so it was not tested. Diagram: Procedure: 1. Loosely plug one end of each plastic tube with filter wool and trim the excess ends. 2. Label each tube and three quarters fill the named tube with the appropriate dried soil. 3. Tap the tubes to settle the soil. 4. Clamp the tubes above a Petri dish so that it is held just off the bottom of the dish. 5. Fill the Petri dish with water and refill it when necessary during the experiment. 6. Measure the height of the water absorbed up the tube at the time intervals shown in Table 4. Results: Monday 21 May Tuesday 22 May Wednesday 23 May Rate of Absorbency (average mm per day) 30 mins 10:00 am 1 hour 10:30 am 2 hours 11:30 am 3 hours 12:30 am 4 hours 1:30 pm 24 hours 9:30 am 48 hours 9:30 am Inner Zone Mud 34 mm 40 mm 52 mm 53 mm 55 mm 105 mm 146 mm 48.7 mm per day Middle Zone Mud 32 mm 33 mm 41 mm 44 mm 45 mm 71 mm 93 mm 31 mm per day Trinity Beach 94 mm 99 mm 114 mm 124 mm 133 mm 184 mm 243 mm 81 mm per day Clay 36 mm 39 mm 52 mm 53 mm 64 mm 107 mm 219 mm 73 mm per day Stoney Creek Rainforest 44 mm 47 mm 54 mm 55 mm 56 mm 120 mm 121 mm 40.3 mm per day Discussion: All soil samples have small gaps between the particles where water is absorbed and stored. All soil samples have their own characteristics and this could account for the individual rates at which they are able to absorb water. The Trinity Beach Soil sample absorbed the most amount of water in 3 days (243mm). This sample has a high percentage of sand grains in its soil. These grains are quite large and because of their irregular shape when packed together they are not completely fitting. This leaves small gaps between the grains where water can be absorbed. The Middle Zone Mud sample absorbed the least amount of water in 3 days (93mm). I do not believe this is an accurate reading because when it came time to fill the plastic tube with the sample it was extremely difficult as the Middle Zone Mud had bonded together. This was due to the clay percentage in the soil. When the soil dried so had the clay and this formed an almost rock like substance. This was also the reason why the Outer Zone Mud sample was not tested. It had also become a solid mass that could not be sieved to obtain the finer particles needed for this experiment. In previous experiments mangrove mud was quite high in the amount of water present in its soil. Also in experiment 2 Soil Permeability the Outer Zone and also the Middle Zone mud drained the fastest and this was due to the fact that they had gaps in between their particles to allow water to flow through. This is similar to the principle used in this experiment so I would assume that had this experiment been done accurately that these two zones would have absorbed close to the highest amounts absorbed over 3 days. Mangroves thrive in these muddy environments and have learnt to avoid the drowning affect that extensive amounts of water often have on plants. Some species of mangrove have evolved to have above ground roots such as stilt roots and aerial roots. When the tide begins to rise in the areas where mud is present (around the coastline) it is quickly absorbed into the mud and held there. This provides nutrients for the mangroves but without the above ground roots they would be dead. This strategy that the mangroves have helps to support my theory that the Outer and Middle Zone mud must be able to absorb water at quite a fast rate even though the reading for Middle Zone mud says otherwise. Conclusion: The ability to absorb a lot of water at a relatively fast rate is important to trap nutrients in the soil. However it is important to balance the soil to water ratio because flooded soil is not what the plants need. Experiment 5 Soil pH: Aim: To observe the individual pH levels of soils. Prediction: I predict that the Middle Zone Mud sample will have the highest acidity (below 7). Trinity Beach on the other hand will have the lowest acidity (higher than 7). Materials: * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * pH kit * Distilled water * 6 x small beakers * 6 x stirring rods * Permanent marker Procedure: 1. Label each beaker and add the appropriate dried soil to each beaker. Make sure each soil sample is approximately the same. 2. Add approximately the same amount of distilled water to each beaker. 3. Thoroughly stir the beakers to dissolve as much soil as possible. 4. Test each beaker of soil sample with the pH tester and remember to wash the tester with distilled water after every beaker. Results: Soil Sample Ph level Trinity Beach 6.1 Stoney Creek Rainforest 6.7 Clay 5.9 Outer Zone Mud 7.0 Middle Zone Mud 7.2 Inner Zone Mud 8.4 Discussion: Soil pH is an indication of the alkalinity or acidity of soil. A pH meter ranges from 0 to 14 and 7 is the point at which soil is deemed neutral. Some plants tend to thrive in one condition but placed in another death is inevitable. They prefer either one or the other along with many soil organisms that live alongside the flora. The pH of the soil can also affect the availability of nutrients. The table below left shows the different types of nutrients available to flora depending on the pH of the soil. The table at the right shows the scale of pH and how to read this scale. Acid Neutral Alkali 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 nitrogen, N phosphorus, P potassium, K calcium, Ca magnesium, Mg sulphur, S iron, Fe manganese, Mn boron, B copper, Cu zinc, Zn molybdenum, Mo The pH of soil can be affected by decomposing matter, rainfall, fertilisers, and the original materials that the soil was formed from. Soil that is mixed with rocks that have a low pH reading generally have a higher acidity level. The soil that has been mixed with rocks that have a high pH will have a lower acidity level (a basic pH level). When it rains nutrients are leached from the soil by the passing water. This is a good thing as it makes the nutrients available for the plants however it does change the acidity level as these nutrients are being replaced by acidic elements such as aluminium and iron. This is asumed to be the reason why soil formed in rainy conditions is more acidic than that formed in dryer conditions. The decomposition of matter also makes the soil more acidic. The Inner Zone Mud sample had the highest pH reading (8.4). This reading, using the pH scale rates the soil as Moderatly Alkine. The other mud samples are closer to 7 and nutural and this could be due to the fact that the Inner Zone is not as flushed with floodwater and tide as the other Zones and therefore the soil is not subject to changes in acidity in the ways stated above. The soil with the lowest pH reading was the Clay sample (5.9). Using the pH scale this means that the soil is Moderatly acid. I am not too sure of the accuracy of this reading as it does not agree with the facts on pH examined above. A search on the internet comes up with the following results. More often than not, clay soil is alkaline (has a high pH).1 Conclusion: The acidity of the soil is affected by elements of nature such as rainfall, decomposing of matter and rock matter present in the soil. It is also STRONGLY affected by fertilisers washed into the soil from farms and gardens. Experiment 6 Soil Organic Matter (Humus): Aim: To determine the percentage of soil organic matter (Humus) in each soil sample through heating. Prediction: I predict that the rainforest will contain the most amount of Humus and that the clay will contain the least amount of Humus. Materials: * The six dry soil samples form experiment 3 Field Capacity. * 6 x evaporating dishes * 6 x heat mats, tripod, pipe clay triangle and wire gauze * 6 x Bunsen burner * Metal Spatula * Tongs * Balance accurate to 0.01g Diagram: Procedure: 1. Label each evaporating dish and weigh it. Record each weight at its appropriate name on the results table. 2. Add the dry soil samples from experiment 3 to their appropriately labeled dish. 3. Find the Mass of the dry soil present (No 3 on the results table) by subtracting the mass of the Evaporating dish from the mass of the evaporating dish PLUS the dry soil. 4. Set up the 6 sets of Bunsen burner, heat mat, tripod, pipe clay triangle and wire gauze as shown in the diagram. 5. Heat the soil strongly for 15 minutes remembering to turn it often with the spatula during heating. 6. Remove the dishes from the heat and allow them to cool on a heat mat. 7. Weigh them all again and record the weights in the No 4 column. 8. Work out the other weights using (No 5 and No 6) the results table. 9. Work out the Percentages using the formula shown. Results: Trinity Beach Stoney Creek Rainforest Clay Outer Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Inner Zone Mud 1. Mass of Evaporating Dish 49.62 41.62 48.09 43.51 48.22 45.31 2. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Air-Dry Soil 87.22 63.07 79.09 68.25 70.81 70.87 3. Mass of Air Dry Soil (2 1) 37.60 21.45 31.00 24.74 22.59 25.56 4. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Soil After Strong Heating 86.14 60.83 77.94 66.34 69.67 70.53 5. Mass of Heated Soil (4 1) 36.52 19.21 29.85 22.83 21.45 25.22 6. Mass of Organic Matter (3 5) 1.08 2.24 1.15 1.91 1.14 0.34 7. Percent Of Organic Matter Mass of Organic Matter (6) Mass of Air-Dry Soil (3) 2.87 % 10.44 % 3.71 % 7.72 % 5.07 % 1.33 % Discussion: Organic matter in the soil is debris that has been discarded by other flora and this acts like mulch. It releases nutrients into the soil as the bacteria and fungi decompose it. In soil such as Stoney Creek Rainforest the percentage of Humus is relatively high in comparison to the actual soil (10.44%). This is due to the fact that Rainforests contain a huge number of plants which are constantly depositing dead leaf litter and branches. These are in turn decomposed to form smaller particles that become part of the soil below. These smaller particles also help to create gaps in the soil that can be used to absorb water/nutrients and also to aerate the soil. The Inner Zone Mud sample contained the least amount of Humus (1.33%). This is because not very much can grow in its soil. Some of the smaller species of mangroves do grow their but they do not exceed about 2.5m in height. The Inner Zone is too far away from the tidal area to be able to absorb much water. This leaves this area with limited nutrient supply and also limited water supply. When the soil was collected from this area it was dry and hard to dig up however the mud collected from the Outer Zone was goopy and sticky. These differences are due to the fact that one area gets more water than the other. In the Outer Zone much more flora grows and this in turn creates more leaf litter and debris to be absorbed into the soil. Conclusion: Not only does Humus provide gaps for water to be absorbed into but it also provides extra nutrients for plants. The percentage of Humus depends on the amount of vegetation growing in the soil and also the tendencies for those plants to deposit leaves and other debris. Experiment 7 Identifying Bacteria Growth in Soil Aim: To determine the amount of Bacteria and Fungi growth in different soil samples. To compare the growth against each other to determine which area has the greatest amount of decomposers. Prediction: I predict that the Rainforest sample will have the most amounts of Bacteria and Fungi and that the Inner Zone Mud sample will have the least amount of Bacteria and Fungi. Materials: * Enough Molten Agars to fill 6 Petri Dishes * Distilled water * Permanent Marker * 6 Beakers * Stirring Rods * 6 pipettes * Sticky Tape * 3 x Mud samples from different areas of the mangroves (Inner, Middle and Outer Zones) * 3 x Samples of various areas (Beach, Rainforest and Clay Soil) * Camera * Incubator Diagrams: Diagram 1: Diagram 2: Diagram 3: Procedure: 1. Warm up pre prepared agar until it becomes molten. 2. Whilst the agar is warming take the 6 small beakers and label them. 3. Add 1 teaspoon of dirt to the appropriately named beaker and add 50mL of water to each beaker. 4. Thoroughly mix the dirt in the beaker until as much of it has dissolved as possible. 5. Label 6 sets of Agar plates. 6. For each plate half fill it with agar then add a sample of the appropriate soil sample using a pipette. Put the lid on and firmly sticky tape it shut. 7. Repeat this with the other 5 agar plates. 8. Place all the agar plates in an incubator at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Results: Inner Zone Mud sample Middle Zone Mud sample Outer Zone Mud sample Trinity Beach sample Stoney Creek Rainforest sample Clay sample Discussion: It is difficult to see the details in the pictures above but when viewing them naturally it was possible to see that the Beach grew the most Fungi and Bacteria. This was the amount visible in the agar not by separating the colonies into either Fungi or Bacteria. Soil pH affects the suitability for fungi and bacteria growth. The pH of the beach was moderately acidic and this is only slightly below the pH level preferred by most soil bacteria. Fungi, moulds and anaerobic bacteria and tend to multiply in higher numbers the lower the pH level is. This is in accordance with the low pH of the Trinity Beach Sample. Conclusion: Bacteria and fungi growth is predominatly determined by the pH levels of the soil. Summary: Different soil types have individual characteristics which in turn affect the vegetation growth in that particular soil. Below are the results of all of the experiments (excluding Experiment 7). Inner Zone Mud Middle Zone Mud Outer Zone Mud Stoney Creek Rainforest Trinity Beach Sand Clay Soil % Sand 41.46 % 29.73 % 9.80 % Minimal 84.85 % 22.22 % % Silt 31.71 % 24.32 % 56.86 % à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.32 % 12.12 % 24.07 % % Clay 26.83 % 45.95 % 33.34 % 23.68 % 3.03 % 53.70 % Time It Takes For 50mL Of Water To Pass Through Saturated Soil Sample 13.56 mins 17.2 mins 23.14 mins 7.54 mins 17.32 mins No Dripping Percent of Water in Soil 36.07 % 33.13 % 38.72 % 42.28 % 21.81 % 26.58 % Average Rate Of Absorbency Per Day Over 3 Days 48.7 mm 31 mm N/A 40.3 mm 81 mm 73 mm pH Of Soil 8.4 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.1 5.9 Percent Of Organic Matter In Soil 1.33 % 5.07 % 7.72 % 10.44 % 2.87 % 3.71 % The Stoney Creek Rainforest is overall the best soil sample. The soil sample has good drainage which avoids root rot and oxygen deprival because of too much water flooding the soil. However the soil sample can also hold a lot of water which is necessary for trapping nutrients in the soil. The pH of the soil is close to neutral which is good for promoting Bacteria and Fungal growth. These Bacteria and Fungi help to decompose the high percentage of Organic Matter present in this soil type. The vegetation in the Stoney Creek Rainforest area where this sample was collected is thriving with lush, tropical plants. This type of vegetation needs a lot of water and the soil provides necessary water holding abilities and absorbency rates to hold this water. The flora growing in this area is prone to shedding leaves and this is accountable for the high percentage of Organic Matter. Rainforest soil is appropriate for most flora growth as it contains high nutrient levels. However the soil drains really fast and if clearing occurs the topsoil is easily washed away. The soil which is least suitable for soil growth is Clay. It does not drain easily however it also absorbs water at a relatively strong rate. This is not a good combination as it leaves the soil open to over saturation and also oxygen depletion. This over saturation causes the soil to become unsuitable for most vegetation growth. Most plants prefer well drained soil. Mangroves have evolved to live in saline environments whose soil is flooded half the day at least. They have evolved to have above ground roots that help the plant to breath. These roots also provide stability for the plants in mud that is soft and often unstable due to the high percentage in water. The Outer Zone Mud sample and the Middle Zone Mud Sample both had relatively neutral pH and this preferable pH level was backed up by the higher percentage in vegetation compared to the Inner Zone Mud sample where less vegetation grew along with less water content. All vegetation growth is affected by the soil environment they are in however some plants have adapted to better suit this difference.